Compelling evidence for lava-dam failure in Grand Canyon
- Lava flow on river gravel; no evidence for water interaction other than flowing down the channel.
- Flagrant flow morphology characterized by relatively thin colonnade (with very fat columns in the example below) overlain by considerably thicker entablature.
- Coarse-grained, complex fluvial deposit containing abundant reworked lava and hyaloclastite material.
Here is a 'Grand' example from mile 192:
What might be going on here? Well, following some discussion with Ryan Crow and some reading about entablature formation that he recommended, I think that this assemblage permits the following interpretation:
- Lava flow enters canyon and blocks river, allowing flow to continue unimpeded downstream (lava on gravel with no evidence for lava-water interaction)
- Clear water begins to pass over or through the dam (or both) and greatly accelerates cooling of the lava (induces the elaborate and thick entablature structure)
- Dam eventually (soon) fails catastrophically and coarse gravel is deposited on the lava flow that now forms the bed of the river.
Here are some other articles of interest (from a longer list compiled in 5 minutes using Zotero)
Grossenbacher, K. A., and S. M. McDuffie. “Conductive cooling of lava: columnar joint diameter and stria width as functions of cooling rate and thermal gradient.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 69, no. 1-2 (1995): 95-103.<o:p></o:p>
Long, P. E., and B. J. Wood. “Structures, textures, and cooling histories of Columbia River Basalt flows.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 97, no. 9 (1986): 1144-1155.<o:p></o:p>
Lyle, P. The eruption environment of multi-tiered columnar basalt lava flows. Vol. 157. Geological Soc London, 2000.<o:p></o:p>
Walker, G. P. L. “Basaltic-volcano systems.” Geological Society London Special Publications 76, no. 1 (1993): 3.